Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza: A Dire Situation Amidst Conflict

Humanitarian Crisis in Gaza: A Dire Situation Amidst Conflict Background: The Gaza Strip, a densely populated coastal enclave, has been grappling with a severe humanitarian crisis for years. Prior to the current conflict, the situation was already dire due to a sixteen-year blockade imposed by Israel. This blockade led to shortages of fuel, food, medication, water, and essential medical supplies. More than half of Gaza’s population relied on international aid for basic services. Additionally, approximately 80 percent of Gazans are considered refugees under international law, making them the largest stateless community globally. Current Situation: Conflict Origins: In October 2023, Hamas, the Palestinian militant group, launched a massive surprise assault on southern Israel, resulting in the deadliest single attack on Israelis in history. Israel responded with a declaration of war, aiming to destroy Hamas. The ongoing conflict has further worsened the crisis in Gaza. Human Toll: During the conflict, Hamas militants killed around 1,200 Israelis, with approximately 70 percent of the victims being civilians. They also took hostages, some of whom tragically lost their lives. Israel’s military operations in response to Hamas’s attack have resulted in immense suffering. As of February, Israel’s retaliation has killed 27,748 people and injured over 66,800 others. Journalists, media workers, and UN employees have also lost their lives. Siege and Scarce Supplies: Israel supports a complete siege of Gaza, cutting off electricity, water, and essential supplies. Food and medicine remain scarce, worsening the crisis. Humanitarian Impact: Blockade and Dependence on Aid: Gaza, a small territory roughly the size of Detroit, was already experiencing a severe humanitarian crisis due to a sixteen-year blockade by Israel. Over half of all Gazans depend on international aid for basic services. Approximately 80% of Gaza’s residents are considered refugees under international law, making them the largest stateless community globally. Colossal Human Suffering: Israel’s military operations in response to Hamas’s attack have caused immense suffering. UN Secretary-General António Guterres described it as “colossal human suffering.” As of February, Israel’s retaliation has resulted in the deaths of 27,748 people and injuries to over 66,800 others (figures reported by the Hamas-run Gaza Ministry of Health). Journalists and Aid Workers: More than 120 journalists and media workers have been killed during the conflict. Over 150 UN employees have also lost their lives, marking the highest number of aid workers killed in any UN conflict. Siege and Scarce Supplies: Israel supports a complete siege of Gaza, cutting off electricity, water, and essential supplies. Food and medicine remain scarce. An estimated over 90% of Gaza’s population faces crisis levels of food insecurity.   Theme: Urgent Need for Action: The situation in Gaza demands immediate attention and concerted efforts from the international community. As the conflict persists, civilians continue to suffer, and necessities remain elusive. The world must come together to address this humanitarian crisis and work towards lasting peace. Impact on India: While India is geographically distant from Gaza, it has a long-standing commitment to humanitarian causes. As a member of the United Nations, India can play a crucial role in advocating for a cease-fire, providing aid, and supporting diplomatic efforts. By raising awareness and mobilizing resources, India can contribute to alleviating the suffering of innocent civilians caught in the crossfire.   The Toll of War: Human Lives Lost: During the conflict, Hamas militants killed around 1,200 Israelis, with approximately 70 percent of the victims being civilians. The group also took hostages, and while some were released under a weeklong cease-fire deal, others stayed captive. Colossal Human Suffering: Israel’s military operations have resulted in immense human suffering. As of February, the retaliation has claimed the lives of 27,748 people and injured over 66,800 others. Siege and Scarce Resources: Israel supports a complete siege of Gaza, cutting off electricity, water, and essential supplies. Food and medicine shortages persist, affecting the entire population. Aid Operations Impacted: The UN’s ability to receive incoming aid in Gaza has been significantly impaired due to several factors, including a shortage of trucks, telecommunications blackouts, and aid workers being prevented from reaching the Rafah crossing (the entry point for relief items from Egypt). Despite these challenges, over the weekend, an average of 150,000 liters of fuel per day entered from Egypt, which is higher than the previous daily average of 67,000 liters. However, this amount is still considered the bare minimum needed to prevent critical services (such as hospitals, ambulances, water, sanitation, and shelters) from collapsing. Cooking Gas Delivery: On Sunday, approximately 45 Tonnes of cooking gas arrived from Egypt. This delivery marked the first such shipment since the resumption of hostilities after a seven-day ceasefire ended on December 1. Israel’s Obligation: Hastings, the top UN aid official for the Occupied Palestinian Territory, emphasized that Israel, as the occupying power, has an obligation to ensure sufficient hygiene, public health standards, and the provision of food and medical care for the population under occupation. The Way Forward: International calls for a cease-fire have intensified, but finding a lasting solution is still challenging. The crisis demands urgent attention, cooperation, and empathy from the global community. Only through concerted efforts can we alleviate the suffering of the people of Gaza and pave the way for a more hopeful future. In summary, the humanitarian crisis in Gaza is a complex and urgent issue. The lives of innocent civilians hang in the balance, and immediate action is needed to address their plight.   International Efforts Calls for a cease-fire have intensified, but negotiations have not yet yielded a full humanitarian truce. In January 2024, the International Court of Justice ordered Israel to hold the civilian death toll in Gaza, though it did not demand an immediate cease-fire. The situation remains critical, and urgent action is needed to alleviate the suffering of civilians caught in this protracted conflict.   Conclusion: The humanitarian crisis in Gaza requires immediate international attention and collective efforts for resolution. Beyond the complexities of geopolitics, the focus must shift to the people enduring unimaginable suffering. India, in extending a helping hand and advocating for diplomacy

Restrictions on Paytm Payment Bank

If you have been a Paytm customer, the past few months must have been quite challenging due to Restrictions on Paytm Payment Bank. These rules came into effect from March 15. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had imposed strict Restrictions on Paytm Payments Bank Ltd (PPBL). This move comes after an audit report highlighted persistent non-compliances and supervisory concerns within the bank. Theme The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has imposed restrictions on Paytm Payments Bank (PPBL), bringing all transactions to a halt. Let’s analyze the factors that contribute to RBI’s action and its impact on the industry. Many questions were confusing the customers that, will their Paytm Payments Bank account continue after March 15? On January 31, the Reserve Bank of India imposed restrictions on Paytm Payments Bank, including a bar on accepting fresh deposits and doing credit transactions after March 15 2024. The regulator found major irregularities in KYC, which exposed the customers, depositors and wallet holders to major serious risks. On February 16, RBI issued frequently asked questions (FAQs) for Paytm bank account holders of on what happens after March 15 2024.   KEY POINTS  Deposit Restriction: Starting from February 29, 2024, PPBL is prohibited from accepting any new deposits, top-ups, or credit transactions into its accounts or wallets. This restriction also applies to its prepaid instruments such as FASTags and National Common Mobility Cards (NCMC). Service Restrictions: The ban includes various banking services like Aadhaar Enabled Payment System, Immediate Payment Service, bill payments, and UPI transactions. PPBL must complete all pending and nodal account transactions by March 29, 2024, after which no further transactions will be allowed. Nodal Account Closure: PPBL is required to close the nodal accounts of its parent company and Paytm Payments Services by February 29, 2024. Overview of the Restrictions From February 29, 2024, Paytm Payment Bank is barred from accepting further deposits, top-ups, or credit transactions into its accounts or wallets. This restriction also extends to its prepaid instruments, such as FASTags and National Common Mobility Cards (NCMC). Customers will no longer be able to deposit money into their accounts or wallets. This will affect their ability to use these funds for various transactions, including online purchases, bill payments, and money transfers. Users of FASTags and NCMC cards will not be able to reload their cards, potentially disrupting their usage for toll payments and public transportation. The prohibition on these services will significantly restrict customers’ ability to perform routine banking transactions, impacting their financial flexibility. Customers will need to seek alternative banking channels or services to carry out these transactions, potentially leading to their inconvenience and additional costs. The restrictions also extend to several essential banking services. Paytm Payment Bank is prohibited from offering: Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AEPS): A service that allows customers to carry out banking transactions using their Aadhaar number and biometric authentication. Immediate Payment Service (IMPS): A real-time interbank electronic fund transfer service. Bill Payments: A service that enables customers to pay utility bills, recharge their mobile phones, and make other routine payments. Unified Payments Interface (UPI): A system that allows instant money transfers between bank accounts using a mobile device. Closure of Nodal Accounts Paytm Payment Bank is directed to terminate the nodal accounts of its parent company, One97 Communications, and Paytm Payments Services by February 29, 2024. Nodal accounts are used to manage funds related to payment processing, ensuring that transactions are completed efficiently and securely. The closure of nodal accounts will disrupt the flow of funds for payment processing, affecting merchants and service providers who rely on Paytm Payment Bank for transaction settlement. Businesses will need to transition to alternative payment processing solutions, which may involve technical, operational, and financial challenges. Also all pipeline and nodal account transactions must settle by March 29, 2024. No further transactions will be permitted thereafter, effectively halting all activities related to these accounts. Reasons behind the restrictions The RBI has imposed Restrictions on Paytm Payments Bank due to certain non-compliance issues related to KYC and AML norms. KYC is an important process that helps banks verify the identity of their customers. It is a mandatory process for all banks in India. AML refers to the measures taken to prevent money laundering and terrorism financing. According to the RBI, Paytm Payment Bank has been deficient in its KYC and AML procedures, which has resulted in certain irregularities in its operations. The RBI has also stated that the bank has not submitted the necessary reports on the irregularities, which has led to significant concerns about the bank’s operations. The RBI believes that these irregularities may pose a risk to customer accounts and the banking system’s stability. Hence, the RBI has taken necessary measures to ensure that Paytm Payment Bank complies with the guidelines and enhances the security of its operations. Impact of the restrictions on Paytm Payment Bank The restrictions imposed by the RBI are likely to have a significant impact on Paytm Payment Bank’s operations. The bank will not be able to onboard new customers until further notice, which will limit its growth prospects. The bank may also face challenges in meeting the RBI’s guidelines on KYC and AML norms, which may require significant investments in its systems and processes. The bank may also face regulatory penalties for non-compliance, which could affect its financial performance. However, Paytm Payment Bank has stated that it is committed to complying with the RBI’s guidelines and ensuring the safety and security of its customers’ accounts. The bank has also stated that it will take necessary measures to address the concerns raised by the RBI.   Conclusion Paytm Payment Bank is a popular digital banking platform in India that offers a range of banking services. However, it has faced several restrictions from the RBI due to non-compliance with KYC and AML norms. These restrictions are likely to have a significant impact on the bank’s operations and growth prospects. The RBI has taken necessary measures to ensure that Paytm Payment Bank complies with

Iran – Pakistan conflict 2024

  Theme: On 16 January 2024, Iran conducted a series of missile strikes in Pakistan, asserting that it had targeted militants of the Baloch separatist group At the heart of the Iran – Pakistan conflict 2024 lies the volatile border region that separates the two nations. Stretching approximately 900 kilometers, this border has long been a flashpoint for tensions, with both countries grappling with separatist movements and militant groups operating in the area. Against the backdrop of broader regional dynamics and geopolitical rivalries, the conflict underscores the complex interplay of political, ethnic, and religious factors shaping the Middle East landscape Introduction: The year 2024 witnessed an alarming escalation of hostilities between Iran and Pakistan, two neighboring nations with a history of strained relations. Amidst rising tensions across the Middle East, the conflict between these two countries took a perilous turn, marked by unprecedented strikes on each other’s territories. This blog delves into the intricacies of the Iran-Pakistan conflict of 2024, analyzing its underlying causes, immediate consequences, and the broader implications for regional stability.   Data Points related to Iran – Pakistan conflict 2024: Rapid escalation of hostilities in 2024 with Iran – Pakistan conducting strikes on each other’s territories. Iran’s strikes targeted alleged militants in Pakistan’s Balochistan province, resulting in civilian casualties. Pakistan’s retaliation included precision military strikes on separatist hideouts in Iran’s Sistan and Baluchestan province. Cross-border attacks highlighted the severity of the conflict and its potential to destabilize the region. Long-standing insurgencies and separatist movements in the border region have fueled tensions between Iran – Pakistan. Militant groups like Jaish al-Adl have exploited grievances to wage attacks on government targets on both sides of the border. Conflict unfolded amidst broader regional turmoil, with Iran’s allies and proxies engaging in confrontations with Israel and its allies.   Background: The Iran – Pakistan border region has long been plagued by unrest. This unrest stems from various separatist movements, most notably the Baloch nationalist movement, which has sought greater autonomy or independence for the Baloch people. In the Iran – Pakistan conflict, both the countries have had to deal with insurgencies within their respective territories, and these insurgencies have often found support or refuge across the border. The province of Balochistan in Pakistan and Sistan and Baluchestan in Iran are home to the Baloch people, an ethnic group with a distinct cultural and linguistic identity. These regions are underdeveloped and have seen little benefit from the natural resources extracted there, which has fueled local grievances and separatist aspirations.   The 2024 Escalation: The spark for this latest flare-up was Iran’s airstrikes on Pakistani territory, specifically targeting militants in Balochistan. The Iranian government claimed these strikes were aimed solely at eliminating terrorist threats posed by groups like Jaish al-Adl, which has been responsible for numerous attacks inside Iran. However, the strikes resulted in civilian casualties, including the deaths of two children, which inflamed public opinion in Pakistan and led to a sharp rebuke from Islamabad. In retaliation, Pakistan conducted its own military operations against separatist hideouts in Iran’s Sistan and Baluchestan province. These precision strikes were described by the Pakistani military as a necessary response to what they termed Iran’s violation of their sovereignty. The Pakistani government has long accused Iran of harboring Baloch militants who carry out attacks in Pakistan, and these strikes were seen as a direct message to Tehran that such safe havens would no longer be tolerated.   Broader Regional Dynamics: The Iran-Pakistan conflict cannot be viewed in isolation. It is part of a broader pattern of regional instability and geopolitical rivalry. The Middle East is experiencing heightened tensions due to various conflicts and power struggles, particularly involving Iran and its allies against Israel and its supporters. The conflict in Gaza, the involvement of Iranian proxies in Lebanon and Yemen, and the broader Sunni-Shia divide are all factors that influence the dynamics between Iran and Pakistan. Iran, predominantly Shia, has positioned itself as a leader of the Shia axis in the Middle East, supporting groups like Hezbollah in Lebanon and the Houthis in Yemen. This has put it at odds with Sunni-majority countries and their allies, including Pakistan. Pakistan, while maintaining a complex relationship with Iran, has historically aligned more closely with Saudi Arabia and other Sunni powers in the region. The involvement of these larger geopolitical players adds another layer of complexity to the Iran-Pakistan conflict.   Immediate Consequences: Civilian casualties and the destruction of infrastructure have heightened tensions between the two nations. Both countries have engaged in a war of words, recalling ambassadors and suspending diplomatic visits. The Iran – Pakistan conflict has also led to increased military presence along the border, with both sides conducting military exercises and preparing for potential further escalations. For the local populations in Balochistan and Sistan, the conflict has exacerbated existing hardships. These regions, already marginalized and underdeveloped, have borne the brunt of the violence. The local insurgent groups have gained more recruits as grievances against the central governments have intensified.   Diplomatic Efforts and International Response: In response to the escalating Iran – Pakistan conflict 2024, there have been calls for restraint and dialogue from the international community. Neighbouring countries like Turkey have attempted to mediate, holding talks with officials from both Iran and Pakistan. Major powers such as the United States and China have also urged both nations to de-escalate and find a peaceful resolution to their differences. The European Union has expressed grave concern over the violence and its potential to destabilize the region further. The UN has also called for both nations to adhere to international law and respect each other’s sovereignty. Despite these efforts made for Iran – Pakistan the situation remains tense, with both sides showing no immediate signs of backing down.   Long-Term Implications: The long-term implications of the Iran – Pakistan conflict are profound. Continued hostilities could destabilize the region further, potentially drawing in other nations and exacerbating existing conflicts. The conflict also highlights the fragile nature of regional alliances and

What is ONDC (Open Network for Digital Commerce)

  Theme: ONDC is launched in 31 December 2021 to enhance the digital ecosystem and to streamline the process of online retail operations and making it an effective choice for open networks. What is ONDC? It is an open protocol network that connects various local businesses, like transportation, grocery, food delivery, hotels, and travel, making them accessible to any app on the network. An Overview of ONDC: The Open Network for Digital Commerce (ONDC) is a bold initiative by the Government of India, aiming to revolutionize the digital commerce ecosystem by establishing a standardized and secure platform for digital transactions. In a country where over 12 million individuals derive their livelihood from dealing or reselling products and services, only about 15,000 merchants, constituting a mere 0.125% of the total, are currently involved in e-commerce. Key Objectives of ONDC: Standardised Platform: It aims to create a standardised platform, ensuring a level playing field for all participants in the digital commerce space. This not only fosters fair competition but also streamlines the overall process of online transactions. Inclusive Participation: The heart of this mission lies in inclusive participation. It strives to bridge the gap, allowing merchants from diverse backgrounds, especially those in small municipalities and rural areas, to actively engage in online retail. Safe and Secure Transactions: Emphasising the importance of trust in digital transactions, It has an strong focus on ensuring the safety and security of deals conducted through its platform. This commitment is crucial to building confidence among merchants and consumers alike. The Open Network for Digital Commerce acknowledges a unique occasion to elevate-retail presence from the current 4.3 to its maximum eventuality in India. Our charge is to significantly boost-commerce availability across the nation by easing the inclusive participation of merchandisers of all types and sizes. In December 2021, ONDC was established as a Section 8 company, with the Quality Council of India and Protean eGov Technologies Limited serving as Founding Members. Also, other institutions have invested in ONDC. Pros of ONDC: 1) Interoperability: It supports interoperability, allowing different e-commerce platforms and service providers to easily change data. 2) Fair Competition: By establishing standardized protocol it aims to produce a field for both large and small players in thee-commerce request. 3) Data Security : It maintains data security and sequestration. enforcing standardized protocols can enhance the protection of consumer data and make trust in deals. 4)Transparency: Open networks often prioritize transparency, enabling users to have better visibility into how data is collected, used, and shared. This can build trust among users. 5)Community Collaboration: Open networks often involve collaborative efforts from a community of developers, businesses, and users. Challenges: 1) Technical Implementation Issues: The transition to a standardized system across diverse e-commerce platforms may encounter technical challenges, leading to potential disruptions. 2) Balancing Act: Striking a balance between fostering innovation and ensuring compliance with regulations poses a regulatory challenge for the implementation of ONDC. Opportunities: 1)Redefining Digital Commerce: It presents an opportunity to redefine the landscape of digital commerce in India, offering a standardized and more efficient system. 2)Dynamic and Inclusive Ecosystem: The initiative has the potential to foster a dynamic and inclusive digital commerce ecosystem by encouraging interoperability and fair competition. 3)Catalyst for Positive Change: By promoting data security and transparency, this could act as a catalyst for positive change, influencing the economic landscape of the country. Conclusion: The Open Network for Digital Commerce aims to boost digital business using government-supported open networks, making things more efficient in India. But, we need to think about the challenges and possible downsides carefully. To make it work well, everyone – businesses, rules makers, and the government – must work together. Finding the right balance between new ideas, fair competition, and keeping consumers safe is crucial for the digital business to grow steadily. References: The Hindu: How to shop using ONDC? Paytm: What Is ONDC and How to Place an Order?   Also Read: Conference of the Parties (COP)28 What is Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ? (CTBT)

What is Conference of the Parties (COP)28 ?for Sustainable Future

Theme: COP 28 designates the UN Climate Change Conference held in Dubai, UAE, spanning from November 30 to December 12, 2023. What is Conference of the Parties (COP)28? COP 28 stands for the 28th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). It’s a gathering where representatives from different countries discuss and make decisions about how to address climate change on a global scale. The goal is to find solutions, set goals, and collaborate to tackle environmental challenges. Conference of the Parties (COP) 28: Brief overview The 28th meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP 28) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is set to be a crucial gathering of nations to discuss the problem of climate change. The main idea of this meeting is to showcase the urgent need to address climate change. commitment to sustainable development and environmental stewardship. The central theme of COP 28 revolves around “Sustainable Solutions for a Changing Climate.” As the world faces escalating climate challenges, nations are called upon to collaborate and implement measures that mitigate the impacts of climate change while fostering sustainable development.Charting the Climate Course for a Sustainable Future. Pros: Global Commitment:  participation of different countries demonstrates a shared commitment to addressing climate change. COP 28 can serve as a driving force for the world to agree on big climate goals. International Cooperation: COP 28 provides a platform for nations to come together and strengthen cooperation in the fight against climate change.  Working Together: The meeting helps countries join forces and work together to solve climate problems. Teamwork can make their solutions stronger. Innovation and Technology: The conference serves as a catalyst for the exchange of innovative ideas and technologies. Nations can share advancements that contribute to cleaner energy sources and sustainable practices. Policy Advocacy: The meeting lets countries speak up for and agree to stricter rules for protecting the environment. This can make better laws and a complete plan for dealing with climate issues. Cons: Political Challenges: Getting everyone to agree when countries have different money interests and political beliefs is really hard. Political issues might stop us from setting big climate goals. Economic Implications: Some nations may express concerns about the economic implications of stringent climate policies. The transition to sustainable practices may pose economic challenges, particularly for industries heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Enforcement Issues: Despite the agreements reached at COP meetings, enforcing compliance with climate commitments remains a challenge. Lack of enforcement mechanisms can undermine the effectiveness of the conference outcomes. Inequality in Contributions: Developing nations often face financial constraints in implementing sustainable measures. COP 28 must address the issue of inequality in contributions, ensuring that all nations, regardless of economic status, can actively participate in climate solutions. Making People Care: Not everyone might understand or care about climate change. COP 28 has to work on making sure everyone, including regular people, knows why it’s important and how they can help. Key Data Points: Conference of the Parties (COP)28  Global Stock take Evaluation every 5 years to assess progress toward Paris Agreement goals. First assessment finalized at COP-28 in December 2023. Mechanism to identify areas needing more ambitious action. Ensures achievability of the 1.5°C target. Phasing Down Fossil Fuels Acknowledgment of the need to address carbon emissions. Emphasis on transitioning from fossil fuels. Developed countries urged to lead, developing nations at a slower pace. Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Goals Emphasis on tripling global renewable energy capacity to 11,000 GW by 2030. Goal to double energy efficiency from 2% to 4% by 2030. Loss and Damage Fund Implementation of COP-27-initiated Loss and Damage Fund. World Bank administers it for the next four years. Addresses damages from climate change. Highlights collective responsibility for supporting vulnerable nations. Financial Commitment Call for developed countries to contribute $500 billion by 2025. Allocations for mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damage. Non-legally binding but relies on political commitment. Carbon Emissions Reduction from Cooling Equipment 66 countries commit to 68% reduction in carbon emissions from cooling equipment by 2050. Targets air conditioners and similar devices. Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy by 2050 Backed by 22 governments. Aims to play a significant role in achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions. Focus on expanding the use of nuclear energy. Challenges of (COP)28 Adaptation vs. Mitigation: Balancing the need for adaptation measures to address current climate impacts with long-term mitigation strategies is a significant challenge. COP 28 must find a comprehensive approach that addresses both aspects effectively. Finance and Funding: Securing funding for climate projects, especially in developing countries, remains a critical challenge. COP 28 needs to explore innovative financial mechanisms to support sustainable initiatives globally. Public Awareness and Engagement: Mobilizing public support for climate action is crucial. COP 28 faces the challenge of enhancing public awareness and engagement to ensure that communities actively participate in climate solutions. Conclusion: COP 28 stands at the forefront of global efforts to combat climate change. While it presents numerous challenges, the conference offers a unique opportunity for nations to collaborate, innovate, and commit to sustainable solutions. The success of COP 28 will depend on the ability of countries to overcome political, economic, and enforcement hurdles, ensuring a collective and equitable effort towards a resilient and sustainable future. References: United Nations: Climate Change The Hindu: What does COP mean? Also Read: What is Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ? (CTBT) Red Sea crisis

What Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ? (CTBT)

What is Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ? (CTBT) Theme : “Ensuring global security: The imperative for (CTBT) Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban.” It was adopted in 1996, aims to create a world free from the dangers of nuclear . Headline – Negotiated in the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the CTBT was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996.   A Brief Overview The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is an international treaty aimed at prohibiting all nuclear explosions for both military and civilian purposes.  However, the treaty has yet to enter into force with some key countries, including nuclear-armed states, as there is no official agreement. What is Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty? The  (CTBT) has a set of rules, kind of like a big plan. This plan has three parts: Part I: International Monitoring System (IMS) – This is like a global watch system. Countries set up monitoring stations worldwide to keep an eye on nuclear activities. Part II: On-Site Inspections (OSI) – If there’s a suspicion that a country is breaking the rules, this part allows for visits to the suspicious site to check things out in person.  Part III: Confidence-Building Measures (CBMs) – This is about building trust between countries. They agree to share information and be transparent to reduce the chances of misunderstandings. CTBT at a Glance: Making the World Safer from Nuclear Tests The CTBT is like a guiding light for world peace. Its main goal is to stop nuclear testing. However, it’s having a tough time becoming a rule because some big countries with nuclear weapons haven’t officially agreed to it. This is causing a problem, and the rule can’t be put into action until they agree. In a pivotal moment during the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva, the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty  emerged, officially adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1996. This landmark agreement aimed to reshape the nuclear landscape, ushering in an era where all nuclear explosions, whether for military or civilian purposes, would be prohibited. Signing and Ratification: Since its opening for signature in 1996, the CTBT has garnered signatures from 185 countries. Impressively, 170 countries have ratified the treaty, showcasing widespread international support. However, the treaty’s entry into force necessitates signatures from 44 specific countries outlined in Annex 2, including nuclear-capable states like the United States, China, and India. Nuclear Testing History: Before CTBT negotiations, nuclear testing was commonplace. The Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) of 1963 restricted nuclear tests in certain environments but allowed underground testing. The CTBT, in contrast, aspires to eradicate all nuclear explosions, irrespective of location. Nuclear Testing Moratorium: Despite not being in force, the CTBT has wielded influence, prompting voluntary moratoriums on nuclear testing by countries such as the United States, Russia, and China.  Monitoring System: It includes a sophisticated monitoring system designed to detect and deter clandestine nuclear testing. This system, though not fully operational, showcases the commitment to transparency and accountability in the pursuit of global nuclear disarmament. Nuclear-Armed States Position: Notably, among the nuclear-armed states, China and the United States have signed but not ratified the CTBT. North Korea, India, and Pakistan have not signed the treaty, raising concerns about the efficacy of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime. Preparatory Commission The Preparatory Commission’s main job is to create a global system for checking if countries are following the rules in the Treaty. They want this system to be ready when the Treaty officially starts. They’re planning to set up a network of 321 monitoring stations and 16 labs around the world.  (CTBC) Pros and Cons : Pros: 1)Nuclear Disarmament: This treaty supports global nuclear disarmament by prohibiting nuclear explosions and encouraging reductions in nuclear arsenals. 2)Prevention of Nuclear Proliferation: Aims to curb the development of new nuclear weapons, limiting the proliferation of nuclear capabilities. 3)Environmental Protection: Bans nuclear testing, protecting the environment from radioactive materials and minimizing the risk of nuclear fallout. 4) Global Security: Enhances global security by reducing the potential for nuclear arms races. 5)International Cooperation: Fosters international cooperation, promoting dialogue and collaboration toward a nuclear-free world.  Cons: 1)Non-Ratification by Key States: Some major nuclear-armed states like the U.S., China, India, and Pakistan haven’t ratified the CTBT. 2)Verification Challenges: Monitoring and verifying compliance poses challenges, making detection of covert nuclear testing difficult. 3)Impact on Nuclear Deterrence: Critics argue that this may undermine the concept of nuclear deterrence, complicating reliance on nuclear weapons. 4)Technological Advances: Advances in monitoring technologies may enable clandestine, challenging-to-detect low-yield nuclear tests, reducing treaty effectiveness. 5)Uneven Commitment: Its effectiveness relies on universal commitment; non-adherence by some states creates an uneven playing field in nuclear capabilities. Conclusion: It represents effort towards nuclear disarmament and the prevention of further nuclear weapons creation. While progress has been made with widespread signatures and ratifications, the challenges lie in convincing key nuclear-armed states to fully commit.  The future of the CTBT depends on the efforts to address concerns, build trust, and ultimately secure the ratifications for its entry into force References: (CTBCO): The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty: TEXT OF THE TREATY United Nations Also Read: OpenAI Ousts Sam Altman From CEO and Board Roles; Worldcoin Drops 12% Green growth – The New India  

What is Red Sea Crisis?

Theme: The Red Sea crisis has gained  global attention due to its geopolitical significance and potential impact on regional stability. Threats to cargo vessels in the Red Sea lead to a surge in container shipping rates and prompt exporters to hold back on shipments. Headline – India may see around $30 billion shaved off its total exports in the current fiscal year. Where is the Red Sea located? The Red Sea is a significant body of water bordered by several countries, including Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Jordan. It plays a crucial role in international trade, connecting key regions. What is the Red sea crisis? Israel-Hamas war casualties: Over 22,000 as of January 2024. Conflict began on October 7th with a surprise Hamas attack, launching 5,000 rockets into Israel. Iran-backed Houthis support Hamas, targeting commercial ships in the Red Sea since November 2023. Major shipping companies opt for costlier routes around Africa, avoiding the Suez Canal due to security concerns. The US responds by destroying Houthi boats, but tensions rise with the entry of an Iranian warship in January 2024. Prolonged conflict causes a humanitarian crisis and disrupts global trade. Alternative shipping routes result in increased costs and longer transit times. Persistent conflict poses a threat of rising food and oil prices globally. The situation demands international attention for a sustainable resolution. The Red Sea, a vital waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Indian Ocean, is currently under scrutiny due to an escalating crisis. Urgent international intervention is crucial to halt the conflict’s escalation. Efforts should be focused on securing a ceasefire in Gaza, addressing the root cause of the issue. Causes  1) Geopolitical Tensions: Countries surrounding the Red Sea, such as Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Egypt, and Eritrea, are often involved in regional conflicts. Ongoing political tensions and historical disputes contribute to a fragile security environment. 2) Piracy: The Red Sea has witnessed instances of piracy, threatening the safety of ships and their crews. Pirates exploit the strategic location of the sea to hijack vessels and demand hefty ransoms. What is happening in the Red Sea? There are some conflicts and attacks happening in the Red Sea, particularly in the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, which is a narrow passage between the Arabian Peninsula and the Horn of Africa. The attacks are carried out by Houthi rebels in Yemen, who are supported by Iran. These rebels have increased their attacks on commercial ships since late November. The recent escalation in attacks is linked to the conflict between Israel and Gaza. In response to one of these attacks, the U.S. Navy used helicopters to protect a ship owned by the Danish company Maersk. Due to these security concerns, Maersk has decided to temporarily stop its cargo movement through that area. How significant is the Red Sea trade route? The Red Sea trade route is very important for global trade. There’s a canal called the Suez Canal that about 12% of all the things we buy and sell around the world pass through. Big ships from Asia use a narrow place called the Bab-el-Mandeb strait to get to this canal. Almost half of the things on these ships are packed in big containers. This route is crucial for sending oil from the Persian Gulf to places like Europe and North America. If ships can’t use this route and have to go around the southern tip of Africa, known as the Cape of Good Now, if ships take this longer route, it could cause delays at ports in the UK and big European cities like Rotterdam, Antwerp, and Hamburg. It means it might take longer for the things we order to get to us. So, what happens in the Red Sea can have a big impact on how quickly goods reach our stores and homes. Future Outlook of Red sea crisis. Considering the complex web of issues in the Red Sea, examining potential future scenarios and diplomatic efforts is essential. International collaboration and conflict resolution mechanisms will play a crucial role in shaping the region’s future. Pros and cons of the Red sea crisis. Pros 1) Economic opportunities – resolving the crisis can open up opportunities 2) Security improvement – while solving crises it can lead to better opportunities for future growth. 3) Environmental conservation – resolution to the crisis will pave the way for cooperative environmental efforts . 4) Diplomatic Cooperation:- Collaborative efforts to resolve the crisis could enhance diplomatic relations among the affected nations 5) International Cooperation: A crisis often prompts international collaboration, with countries and organizations working together to provide assistance and find solutions. 6) Humanitarian Aid: Attention to a crisis can result in increased humanitarian aid, helping those affected by the crisis with essential resources and support. Cons  1) Impact on global trade- current ongoing tension can disturb the global trade routes affecting economies . 2) Humanitarian concerns – crisis has led to displacement and suffering for local communities. 3) Risk of Escalation: Attempts to resolve the crisis may carry the risk of escalation. 4) Economic Disruption: Crises can disrupt economic activities in the affected region, leading to job losses, economic decline, and financial strain. 5)Political Instability: A crisis may contribute to political instability, making it challenging for governments to govern effectively and maintain order. 6)Security Concerns: Crises can give rise to security challenges, including the potential for increased conflict, terrorism, or the spread of weapons. Red Sea Security Arrangements: Efforts to address the crises have led to the establishment of regional security arrangements and initiatives. Assessing the effectiveness of these measures and their impact on regional stability is a crucial aspect of understanding the ongoing developments in the Red Sea. Conclusion  In conclusion, the Red sea crisis presents a complex set of challenges and opportunities. While resolving the  Red sea crisis could unlock economic opportunities  and enhance security. it must be approached with careful consideration of humanitarian concerns and the risk of escalation. Striking a balance between  efforts, regional stability, and global economic interests is crucial

Operation Ajay: Bringing Indians Home Amid Israel-Hamas War

Theme: In the heat of the Israel-Hamas conflict in 2023, India has begun Operation Ajay, a vital mission. However, what is Operation Ajay exactly, and why is it taking place? Allow me to explain it simply. What is Operation Ajay? The Indian government launched Operation Ajay, which is similar to a heroic mission, to save its citizens from the conflict zones in Israel and Palestine. The main objective of the mission is to reunite Indian nationals who are presently residing in places impacted by the conflict between Israel and Hamas with their country. Why is it happening? 1. India began to worry about the security of its 18,000 people, who were traders, professionals, and students, as hostilities between these two locations intensified. 2. Dr. S. Jaishankar, the Indian Minister of External Affairs, even warned Indians living in Israel to exercise caution. 3. Operation Ajay was launched after India determined it was necessary to act as the situation worsened. Not only is it a means of saving lives, but it’s also an opportunity for India to reassure its residents living abroad that they have their backs during difficult times. When did it start? On October 7, 2023, the fifth day of the Israel-Hamas conflict saw the start of Operation Ajay. How does it work? India established a round-the-clock control room in Ramallah, Tel Aviv, and New Delhi. Consider it akin to a hotline, where Indians in need can contact for assistance. In addition, the Indian government made contact information available to the public via email and phone numbers. In this endeavor, special charter flights are the superheroes. To return our fellow countrymen from Israel, they are taking off on a plane. And here’s the thing: the Indian Navy may intervene and send ships to aid in the evacuation if the scenario becomes any more difficult. It’s about people, not just numbers: traders, professionals, and students. Operation Ajay is a repatriation effort rather than an evacuation effort. Thus, the goal is to return to our parents home in a safe manner. Evacuation Details (as of October 18, 2023) The fifth flight of Operation Ajay successfully landed in Delhi, carrying 286 Indian nationals, including 18 citizens of Nepal. This is the most recent event in the operation. The Union Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting, Fisheries, Animal Husbandry, and Dairy, L. Murugan, welcomed them enthusiastically upon their arrival. The Indian government is resolute in its efforts to bring back Indians who have been trapped in conflict areas, as stated by Minister L. Murugan:1,180 people have returned to their country of origin. The passengers who profited from this evacuation endeavor expressed their appreciation as well. Passenger Vishal, hailing from Haifa, Israel, conveyed gratitude to the Indian embassy and acknowledged the support extended by the Indian government. Another Indian national, Ramesh, expressed gratitude for the assistance provided by the Indian Embassy in Israel. The operation provides support to neighboring countries in addition to Indian residents. After being evacuated, Ambika, a citizen of Nepal, thanked the Indian government for their efforts and emphasized the dire situation in Israel. The Nepalese ambassador to India also conveyed his gratitude, adding that the government of Nepal is attempting to repatriate its residents who have been living in Israel. Persistent Work and Assistance: Helping Indian nationals in need is a major responsibility of the Indian embassy in Israel, which also operates a helpline. Minister of State for External Affairs V Muraleedharan added that further flights might be run in light of how things develop. He pointed to the five planes that had landed in the last few days. In light of the growing tension, the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) has established a 24-hour control room to keep an eye on the situation and offer guidance and support. Indian nationals living in Israel are advised by the MEA to exercise caution and to register their names with the Indian embassy. Conclusion: To save its people from a difficult situation, Operation Ajay is comparable to India dispatching its own Avengers. During these difficult times, the government is prepared for any emergency and is primarily concerned with making sure that Indian residents of Israel are safe and secure. This mission serves as a reminder that Indians, wherever they may be, can always count on their nation to support them in times of need. Also Read: Chandrayaan – 3: India’s leap to the Moon OTT VS Theatre Will Threads Kill Twitter? References: https://www.livemint.com/news/india/operation-ajay-israel-hamas-war-survivors-recount-horror-says-they-destroyed-everything-11697597243037.html    

Smart City Mission- 2023

Theme: The 100 Smart City Mission in India was launched by Primе Ministеr Narеndra Modi on June 25,  2015.  Smart City Mission is an urban rеnеwal and the retrofitting program launched by the Government of India to develop smart citiеs and make them citizеn friendly and sustainable.  The Union Ministry of Urban Development is responsible for implеmеnting thе mission in collaboration with statе govеrnmеnts; this was expected to complеtе bеtwееn 2019 and 2023.    Need For the Mission: Citiеs accommodatе ~31% of India’s current population and contributes 63% to thе GDP. By 2030, urban arеas arе еxpеctеd to accommodatе 40% of India’s population and contribute 75% to thе GDP.  Population growth in cities leads to infrastructurе management and service delivery challenges. The Smart City Mission in India is an initiative that aims to efficiently and effectively tackle these challenges.  Smart City Mission In India: Vision: With an increase in urban population and rapid expansion of areas, the government is looking at smarter ways to manage complexities, increase efficiencies and improve quality of life.  This has created a need for cities that monitor and integrate infrastructure to better optimize resources and maximize services to citizens. Objective: The objective of the Smart City Mission initiative is to promote sustainable and inclusive cities that provide core infrastructure to give a decent quality of life, and a clean and sustainable environment through the application of some smart solutions such as data-driven traffic management, intelligent lighting systems, etc.   Covеragе: Thе mission will covеr 100 cities that havе bееn distributed among thе States /Union Territories (UT) on thе basis of еquitablе criteria.   The formula gives equal weightage (50:50) to the urban population of thе Statе/UT and thе numbеr of statutory towns (a town with a municipality,  corporation,  cantonment board, or notifiеd town arеa committee) in thе Statе/UT.  Basеd on this formula,  еach Statе/UT will,  thеrеforе,  havе a cеrtain numbеr of potеntial Smart Citiеs,  with еach Statе/UT having at lеast onе.  Stratеgy: Components of area-based development in thе 100 Smart City Mission in India comprisе city improvement (rеtrofitting),  city rеnеwal (r dеvеlopmеnt), and city еxtеnsion (greenfield dеvеlopmеnt),  along with a pan-city initiativе.  Area-based dеvеlopmеnt that will transform existing areas,  including slums,  into bеttеr planned residential areas by retrofitting and redevelopment,  thеrеby improving the habitability of thе wholе city Greenfield Missionthat will dеvеlop nеw arеas in thе city to accommodatе thе еxpanding population in urban arеas Pan-city dеvеlopmеnt envisaging the application of smart solutions to the existing city-wide infrastructurе. Budgеt Allocation: Undеr Union Budgеt 2021-22,  thе Smart City Mission in India has been allocatеd Rs. 6, 450 crorе (US$ 868 million) as compared to Rs. 3, 400 crorе (US$ 457 million) in FY21 (rеvisеd estimates).  Status Updatе: The total allocated invеstmеnts for thе Smart City Mission stood at ~Rs.  205, 018 crorе (US$ 27. 60 billion) as of March 2021.   Of thе total invеstmеnts,  5, 614 projects worth ~Rs. 173, 018 crorе (US$ 23. 29 billion) havе bееn tеndеrеd,  work orders have been issued for 4, 912 projects worth ~Rs.  139, 851 crorе (US$ 18. 83 billion) and 2, 420 projects worth ~Rs.  40, 152 crorе (US$ 5. 40 billion) havе bееn complеtеd as of 2022.   Convergence with Other Government Schemes: There is a strong similarity between the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and Smart City Mission in achieving urban transformation.  While AMRUT follows a project-based approach, the Smart City Missionfollows an area-based strategy. Similarly, significant benefits can be derived by seeking the integration of other Central & State Government Programmes/Schemes with the Smart Cities Mission.  At the planning stage, cities must seek convergence in the Smart City Proposal (SCP) with AMRUT, Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY), Digital India, Skill Development, Housing for All, Construction of Museums funded by the Culture Department and other programs about social infrastructure such as Health, Education, and Culture. Countriеs Supporting India’s Smart Citiеs Mission: Leading economies worldwide have shown interest in India’s smart city mission and are looking forward to participating in the dеvеlopmеnt of Smart City Mission.  Thеsе includes Spain,  thе US,  Gеrmany,  Japan,  Francе,  Singaporе, and Swеdеn.  Spain has proposed to cooperate with India to dеvеlop Dеlhi into smart citiеs.  The Barcеlona Rеgional Agеncy of Spain has shown an interest in еxchanging technology with India.  The United States ‘Trade and Development Agеncy (USTDA) has dеcidеd to dеvеlop Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradеsh),  Allahabad (Utta Pradеsh) and Ajmеr (Rajasthan) as smart citiеs.  Gеrmany has inkеd a deal with India to dеvеlop Bhubanеswar (Odisha),  Kochi (Kеrala), and Coimbatorе (Tamil Nadu) as smart citiеs.  Japan has decided to assist India with thе dеvеlopmеnt of Chennai,  Ahmеdabad and Varanasi as smart citiеs.  France has decided to support three Indian cities—Chandigarh,  Lucknow, and Puduchеrry—and announcеd an invеstmеnt of US$ 1. 5 billion (EUR 1. 3 billion).  Top Smart Cities in India: Chandigarh India’s first planned city can be considered a ‘Smart city’ for its planned infrastructural elements. Indore is often celebrated as India’s First Smart City with a Smart addressing system. In 2017, Ahmedabad was designated as the country’s first UNESCO World Heritage City. The city serves as one of India’s most significant commercial and industrial centers. Amritsar has evolved into a smart city in recent years, with a focus on enhancing its infrastructure and services. The city is equipped with a cutting-edge command center, CCTV cameras, and a sophisticated traffic management system. The emphasis on technology and creativity in Coimbatore is one of the factors that makes it so unique. The city is home to numerous research and development centers in addition to having a very robust IT sector. In addition to being one of India’s most developed citiеs and the nation’s financial hub,  Mumbai also has a large international population that both livеs thеrе and travels thеrе frequently. Tamil Nadu’s capital,  Chеnnai,  is one of India’s four major citiеs.   It is a significant commеrcial and cultural hub for South India and one of the top 50 cities in the world in terms of GDP.  Conclusion:  Every city must invest

E-learning in 2023 – Pros and Cons

E-learning in 2023 – Pros and Cons Theme: Covid-19 and thе digitalization of thе world has massivеly increased thе popularity and nеcеssity that is е-lеarning.  E-lеarning is booming as almost еvеry topic,  no mattеr how nichе,  can be accessed onlinе and in your favouritе swеatpants.  Author and е-learning rеsеarchеr Donna J.  Abеrnathy says: “Onlinе lеarning is not thе nеxt big thing, it is thе big thing now.” Some advantages of е-lеarning may sееm obvious,  but what arе thе disadvantages, and for whom is е-lеarning suitablе? In this article,  we will discuss both thе pros and cons and prеsеnt some tips for bеttеr lеarning succеss with a glimpsе into thе futurе оf е-learning.  What is thе dеfinition of “E-Lеarning”? E-lеarning,  also known as onlinе lеarning or еlеctronic lеarning,  rеfеrs to thе acquisition of knowledge through thе usе of electronic technologies and media channels.   In a simplеr language,  е-learning is defined as “electronically еnаblеd learning” that range from thе countless “how-to” vidеos on YouTubе to е-learning platforms of universities or entire onlinе study programs and digital mastеrclassеs.   In gеnеral,  е-learning is carried out on thе internet  whеrе lеarning matеrials arе availablе at any timе and any placе.    What are the 5 biggest advantages of E-Learning? Flexibility The first advantage of e-learning is flexibility in terms of time and place. Learning content is usually made available in short modules and can be paused at any time. Whether you log on while commuting, at work, or during your free time- the learning material can be easily made part of your daily routine. Even if you miss a live online workshop, written summaries or a video of the session are usually available to be downloaded. E-learning is therefore ideal for people working or in education, or simply people who want to know more about their favorite hobbies or interests.  Availability The organization of teaching content at universities is almost unimaginable without platforms such as Moodle and Blackboard, but online courses also save vast amounts of time in the private sector. Without physical limitations, anyone with Internet access can simultaneously access learning opportunities – provided that the servers are stable to withstand. Efficiency Since e-learning packages adapt to the individual learner, the time required to complete a course is significantly reduced. Conventional courses are designed to meet the needs of the entire group. But rarely does a single person need everything that is offered to the group. And, of course, there is no need to travel to the course. Low Cost An e-learning package can be reused as often as the user wishes without additional costs. In addition, there are numerous free course offers as well as “freemium access”. Since e-learning usually allows more course participants at the same time, it is often less expensive than conventional learning offerings. Mobile E-learning takes place wherever you want! All you need is an internet connection. Learning materials, tutorials, transcripts – everything is stored in digital cyberspace and cannot be lost with a good backup. These advantages alone show the near-unlimited potential of e-learning. Nevertheless, there are also numerous reasons why traditional learning methods are far from obsolete.  What are the 5 biggest disadvantages of E-Learning? Internet connection The most obvious problem is certainly a lack of Internet access and this still affects over 40% of the world’s population. There can be problems with high-speed Internet, insufficient data volume, or connection problems that cannot be fixed straight away. Discipline If you can learn anytime and anywhere,  it is so easy to procrastinate. For many, learning in a separate environment is an important factor to discipline as well as being in the same room with other people that are learning with you awakens ambition and openness to new ideas. Distraction There is much more to discover on the Internet than just the learning material. Moreover, you are usually online on your email account or social media at the same time. In addition, partners, roommates, and children tend to disturb and make noise at home. It requires a lot of planning and concentration to stay focused in such an environment. Social isolation Working at home, learning at home, living at home – the social aspects of life are still important for children to gain social intelligence and develop healthy relationship patterns. Practical knowledge While teaching theoretical knowledge online is feasible, many people still find the training of practical skills unsatisfactory. For example, during an online dance lesson, your arm position can’t be corrected, steps while dancing can only be observed to a limited extent, and movement sequences can only be controlled inaccurately. Despite the drawbacks, experts can agree: the advantages will override the disadvantages and will only improve in the future.  The Future of E-Learning: E-Lеarning Markеt is Projеctеd to Hit USD 848. 12 Billion at a CAGR of 17. 54% by 2030 – Rеport by Facts & Factors (FnF). The global E-Learning markеt sizе was valuеd at USD 210.1 billion in 2021 and is еxpеctеd to surpass USD 848. 12 billion by 2030,  rеgistеring a CAGR of 17. 54% during thе forеcast pеriod (2022- 2030),  as highlighted in a rеport publishеd by Facts & Factors.  The U.S. alone accounts for over 31% of mobile learning expenditures in the global market. The US government spent over $2.6 billion on eLearning products for its staff. Video web activity accounts for over 80% of all online activity, with the majority being educational or training clips. Based on a study published in the International Journal of Advanced Education and Research, the share of AI in the e-learning sector will increase by about 49% in the next 5 years and further improve performance. Conclusion: The only way to make use of E-learning is to be consistent in the course or learning material. The goal must be to make e-learning a routine that has a fixed place in your weekly schedule. Therefore, it is also important to enter concrete times in your calendar and thus give the learning progress the necessary priority in your